SQL GROUPING SETS
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL GROUPING SETS
operator to generate multiple grouping sets.
Setup a sample table
Let’s set up a new table named inventory
to demonstrate the functionality of the GROUPING SETS
.
First, create a new table named inventory
:
CREATE TABLE inventory (
warehouse VARCHAR(255),
product VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
model VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
quantity INT,
PRIMARY KEY (warehouse,product,model)
);
Second, insert data into the inventory
table:
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Jose', 'iPhone','6s',100);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Fransisco', 'iPhone','6s',50);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Jose','iPhone','7',50);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Fransisco', 'iPhone','7',10);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Jose','iPhone','X',150);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Fransisco', 'iPhone','X',200);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Jose','Samsung','Galaxy S',200);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Fransisco','Samsung','Galaxy S',200);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Fransisco','Samsung','Note 8',100);
INSERT INTO inventory(warehouse, product, model, quantity)
VALUES('San Jose','Samsung','Note 8',150);
Third, query data from the inventory
table:
SELECT
*
FROM
inventory;
Introduction to SQL GROUPING SETS
A grouping set is a set of columns by which your group using the GROUP BY
clause. Normally, a single aggregate query defines a single grouping set.
The following example defines a grouping set (warehouse, product). It returns the number of stock-keeping units (SKUs) stored in the inventory by warehouse and product.
SELECT
warehouse,
product,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
warehouse,
product;
The following query finds the number of SKUs by the warehouse. It defines the grouping set (warehouse):
SELECT
warehouse,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
warehouse;
The following query returns the number of SKUs by the product. It defines the grouping set (product):
SELECT
product,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
product;
The following query finds the number of SKUs for all warehouses and products. It defines an empty grouping set ().
SELECT
SUM(quantity) qty
FROM
inventory;
So far, we have four grouping sets: (warehouse, product), (warehouse), (product), and (). To return all grouping sets using a single query, you can use the UNION ALL
operator to combine all the queries above.
The UNION ALL
requires all result sets to have the same number of columns, therefore, you need to add NULL
to the select list of each query as shown below:
SELECT
warehouse,
product,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
warehouse,
product
UNION ALL
SELECT
warehouse,
null,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
warehouse
UNION ALL
SELECT
null,
product,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
product
UNION ALL
SELECT
null,
null,
SUM(quantity) qty
FROM
inventory;
Here is the output:
As you can see clearly from the output, the query generated a single result set with the aggregates for all grouping sets.
Even though the query works as expected, it has two main issues:
- First, the query is difficult to read because it is lengthy.
- Second, it has a performance issue because the database system has to scan the inventory table multiple times.
To resolve these issues, SQL provides us with the GROUPING SETS
.
The GROUPING SETS
is an option of the GROUP BY
clause. The GROUPING SETS
defines multiple grouping sets within the same query.
The following illustrates the general syntax of the GROUPING SETS
option:
SELECT
c1,
c2,
aggregate (c3)
FROM
table
GROUP BY
GROUPING SETS (
(c1, c2),
(c1),
(c2),
()
);
This query defines four grouping sets (c1,c2), (c1), (c2), and ().
You can apply the GROUPING SETS
to rewrite the query with the UNION ALL
clauses above:
SELECT
warehouse,
product,
SUM (quantity) qty
FROM
inventory
GROUP BY
GROUPING SETS(
(warehouse,product),
(warehouse),
(product),
()
);
Here is the output:
This query is more readable and performed faster than the query above because the database system does not have to read the inventory
table multiple times.
Now, you should know how to use the SQL GROUPING SETS
to generate multiple grouping sets using a single query.
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