Create a Trigger in MySQL
Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the MySQL CREATE TRIGGER
statement to create a trigger in the database.
Introduction to MySQL CREATE TRIGGER
statement
The CREATE TRIGGER
the statement creates a new trigger. Here is the basic syntax of the CREATE TRIGGER
statement:
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name
{BEFORE | AFTER} {INSERT | UPDATE| DELETE }
ON table_name FOR EACH ROW
trigger_body;
In this syntax:
- First, specify the name of the trigger that you want to create after the
CREATE TRIGGER
keywords. Note that the trigger name must be unique within a database. - Next, specify the trigger action time which can be either
BEFORE
orAFTER
which indicates that the trigger is invoked before or after each row is modified. - Then, specify the operation that activates the trigger, which can be
INSERT
,UPDATE
, orDELETE
. - After that, specify the name of the table to which the trigger belongs after the
ON
keyword. - Finally, specify the statement to execute when the trigger activates. If you want to execute multiple statements, you use the
BEGIN END
compound statement.
The trigger body can access the values of the column being affected by the DML statement.
To distinguish between the value of the columns BEFORE
and AFTER
the DML has fired, you use the NEW
and OLD
modifiers.
For example, if you update the column description, in the trigger body, you can access the value of the description before the update OLD.description
and the new value NEW.description
.
The following table illustrates the availability of the OLD
and NEW
modifiers:
Trigger Event | OLD | NEW |
INSERT | No | Yes |
UPDATE | Yes | Yes |
DELETE | Yes | No |
MySQL trigger examples
Let’s start creating a trigger in MySQL to log the changes of the employees
table.
First, create a new table named employees_audit
to keep the changes to the employees
table:
CREATE TABLE employees_audit (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
employeeNumber INT NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
changedat DATETIME DEFAULT NULL,
action VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL
);
Next, create a BEFORE UPDATE
the trigger that is invoked before a change is made to the employees
table.
CREATE TRIGGER before_employee_update
BEFORE UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
INSERT INTO employees_audit
SET action = 'update',
employeeNumber = OLD.employeeNumber,
lastname = OLD.lastname,
changedat = NOW();
Inside the body of the trigger, we used the OLD
keyword to access values of the columns employeeNumber
and lastname
of the row affected by the trigger.
Then, show all triggers in the current database by using the SHOW TRIGGERS
statement:
SHOW TRIGGERS;
In addition, if you look at the schema using MySQL Workbench under the employees > triggers, you will see the before_employee_update
trigger as shown in the screenshot below:
After that, update a row in the employees
table:
UPDATE employees
SET
lastName = 'Phan'
WHERE
employeeNumber = 1056;
Finally, query the employees_audit
table to check if the trigger was fired by the UPDATE
statement:
SELECT * FROM employees_audit;
The following shows the output of the query:
As you see clearly from the output, the trigger was automatically invoked, and inserted a new row into the employees_audit
table.
In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the MySQL CREATE TRIGGER
statement to create a new trigger in the database.
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